510 THE CHINESE
by them, the Chinese laborer, with his industry and his lower
standard of living, is feared as a competitor and is either com-
pletely or all but completely excluded. It seems probable that
so long as the white race remains in control of the more salu-
brious of the comparatively thinly settled sections of the world,
there will be no very large migration of the Chinese beyond their
own borders. Wherever he has gone, however, especially in
British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, the Chinese has con-
tributed substantially to the prosperity of his adopted country.
The effect upon China of this rather limited overseas mi-
gration has been very considerable. Economically, the sums
brought or remitted home by the emigrant have made for the
prosperity of the regions from which he has come—chiefly the
provinces of Fukien and Kwangtung. In the realm of ideas
the results have been little short of startling. It was an emi-
grant, Sun Yat-sen, who more than any other one man was
responsible for the radical political revolution in China, and his
initial impulse came from his residence, as a boy, in Hawaii.
For years in his propaganda for renovating China he sought and
obtained support from his fellow-countrymen abroad. These,
indeed, have again and again aided in financing changes in many
realms of Chinese life—political, economic, intellectual, and
religious. Thousands of other emigrants, some of them na-
tionally and even internationally known, but most of them ob-
scure, have returned to the land of their ancestors seeking to
bring it into partial conformity to the ways of the Occident.
The transformation in China during the past few decades might
not have been so thorough-going and certainly in many instances
would have taken a different course had it not been for these
emigrants.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
On the racial composition of the Chinese see O. Franke, Geschichte
des chinestschen Reiches (Berlin, 1930), Vol. 1, ch. 2; S. M. Shiro-
kogoroff, Anthropology of Northern China (Shanghai, 1923); S. M.
Shirokogoroff, Anthropology of Eastern China and Kwangtung Province
(Shanghai, 1925); S. M. Shirokogoroff, Who are the Northern Chinese?
(Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1924,
pp. 1-13); S. M. Shirokogoroff, Northern Tungus Migrations in the